Multi-stroke hybrid propulsion system

ABSTRACT

A hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle and method of operation are described. In one example, the engine may operate in a two stroke cycle to provide increased engine torque when a recharging operation of the on-board energy storage device is requested. Further, a transition from a four stroke cycle to the two stroke cycle may be performed while maintaining the transmission in the previously selected gear ratio in response to a requested increase in charging or a requested increase in wheel torque as requested by the vehicle operator.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Some vehicles may include a hybrid propulsion system which comprises aninternal combustion engine and a secondary propulsion source such as anelectric motor. These hybrid propulsion systems typically include anenergy storage device that may be used to power the secondary propulsionsource. In the context of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), the energystorage device may include batteries or capacitors that can bedischarged to power an electric motor in order to propel the vehiclewith or without assistance from the engine. The engine may also beoperated to charge the energy storage device by operating a generator.

The inventors herein have recognized several issues with this approach.For example, as a charging operation is initiated, the generator maybegin to absorb at least some of the engine output, which may reduce theamount of propulsive effort that is available to the drive wheels. Assuch, a vehicle operator may perceive a reduction in the responsivenessof the vehicle when the engine is being used to charge the energystorage device. In other examples, initiation of a charging operationmay be accompanied by transmission shifting in order to maintainsufficient torque at the drive wheels. However, transmission shiftingmay also be perceived by the vehicle operator as the energy storagedevice is cycled in and out of its charging state. Furthermore,transmission shifting may additionally reduce the overall efficiency ofthe hybrid propulsion system.

To address some of these issues the inventors have provided a method ofoperating a hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle, including aninternal combustion engine, a generator, and an energy storage device.As one example, the method comprises: operating the engine, during afirst condition, in a two stroke cycle to produce a first engine outputand charging the energy storage device by absorbing a first amount ofthe first engine output at the generator; and during a second condition,operating the engine in a four stroke cycle to produce a second engineoutput. In some examples, the engine may not be used to charge theenergy storage device while operating in the four stroke cycle. Theengine may also be transitioned between operation in the two strokecycle and operation in the four stroke cycle while maintaining thetransmission in the same gear ratio.

As another example, a hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle isprovided. The hybrid propulsion system comprises: an internal combustionengine configured to produce an engine output, said engine operativelycoupled with one or more drive wheels of the vehicle via a transmission;a motor configured to produce a motor output, said motor operativelycoupled with said one or more drive wheels of the vehicle; an energystorage device configured to selectively supply energy to the motor; acontrol system configured to: increase a level of propulsive effortprovided to said one or more drive wheels during a lower state of chargeof the energy storage device by reducing a number of strokes performedby the engine per combustion cycle to increase the engine outputproduced by the engine; and increase a level of propulsive effortprovided to said one or more drive wheels during a higher state ofcharge of the energy storage device by increasing an amount of energysupplied to the motor from the energy storage device to increase themotor output produced by the motor.

In this way, the engine may be operated in a two stroke cycle whileperforming a charging operation to take advantage of the increased powerdensity of the engine as compared to the four stroke cycle. Theincreased power density of the engine can enable the charging operationto be performed while maintaining the previously selected gear ratio atthe transmission, thereby reducing the number of shifts performed by thetransmission. Still other examples and advantages will be described ingreater detail herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 depict example hybrid propulsion systems for a vehicle.

FIGS. 3-7 show flow charts depicting example process flows that may beused to control the hybrid propulsion systems of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIGS. 8 and 9 show timelines depicting two stroke and four stroke engineoperation.

FIG. 10 depicts an example cylinder of an internal combustion engine.

FIGS. 11 and 12 show timelines depicting example transitions between twoand four stroke operation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle is described, which utilizesmulti-stroke engine operation to facilitate charging of the energystorage device residing on-board the vehicle. The multi-stroke engineoperation described herein enables the engine to carry out combustion byutilizing two or more different modes of operation. For example, in afirst mode, the engine may be operated in a four stroke cycle, wherebyeach cylinder of the engine utilizes four piston strokes per combustionevent to generate an engine output torque. In a second mode, the enginemay be operated in a two stroke cycle, whereby each cylinder of theengine instead utilizes two piston strokes per combustion event togenerate the engine output torque. In still other examples, six or eightstroke modes of operation may be utilized by the engine. Therefore,while various examples will be described in the context of an enginethat can operate in a two stroke cycle and a four stroke cycle, theengine may utilize six and eight stroke cycles in other examples withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 1 and 2 depict non-limiting examples of a hybrid propulsion systemfor a vehicle. Referring specifically to FIG. 1, a first example hybridpropulsion system 100 is depicted schematically. Hybrid propulsionsystem 100 includes a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine 110. Anexample cylinder of internal combustion engine 110 is described ingreater detail with reference to FIG. 10. Engine 110 may be operativelycoupled to one or more drive wheels 130 via a transmission 120.Transmission 120 may include a plurality of different selectable gearratios.

Hybrid propulsion system 100 may also include one or more electricgenerators and/or motors. As one example, a generator and motor may beprovided via an electric machine 140. In other examples, the generatormay be provided by a separate electric machine than the motor. Thegenerator and motor can be operatively coupled with an energy storagedevice 150.

Energy storage device 150 may include one or more batteries and/orcapacitors that are configured to selectively store electrical energythat is generated by the generator and to selectively supply electricalenergy to the motor for producing a motor output. The motor output maybe used to propel the vehicle without assistance of the engine, themotor output may be used to propel the vehicle by supplementing theengine output, or the motor output may be used to provide enginecranking during start-up of the engine.

In some examples, the generator can generate electrical energy byabsorbing at least some of the engine output that is produced by theengine or the generator can absorb kinetic energy of the vehicle astransmitted to the generator from the drive wheels via the transmission,thereby providing a regenerative braking operation for the vehicle. Inthis way, the generator can charge the energy storage device. In someexamples, energy storage device 150 may also receive electrical energy,during a stationary charging operation, from an energy source that isexternal the vehicle, such as via a cable coupled with an electricalpower source.

A control system 160 may be provided to control operation of the variouscomponents of the hybrid propulsion system. For example, control system160 can receive operating condition information from the engine, thetransmission, the drive wheels, the generator, the motor, and the energystorage device, among other vehicle components. The control system canalso issue control commands to the engine, the transmission, the drivewheels, the generator, the motor, and the energy storage device, amongother vehicle components as will be described with reference to thedescribed process flows. As a non-limiting example, control system 160may include one or more electronic controllers. Control system 160 willbe described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 10.

FIG. 2 provides a second example hybrid propulsion system 200. Hybridpropulsion system 200 may include many of the same components of hybridpropulsion system 100, except that the generator and motor may bearranged on the opposite side of the transmission from the engine. Instill other examples, one or more generators or motors may be providedon each side of the transmission. Regardless of the particularconfiguration of the hybrid propulsion system, the various process flowsdescribed herein may nonetheless be applicable to controlling theiroperation.

FIG. 3 shows a flow chart depicting a process flow that may be utilizedwith a hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle, including hybridpropulsion systems 100 and 200. At 310, where charging of the energystorage device is to be increased or initiated, the process flow mayproceed to 312. As one example, the control system may assess thepresent state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage device, and judgewhether the energy storage device should be charged or whether the rateof charging should be increased based on the assessment of the presentSOC. For example, the control system may compare the SOC of the energystorage device to a lower or minimum SOC threshold that is stored inmemory to judge whether charging should be initiated or whether the rateof charging should be increased. As a non-limiting example, the controlsystem may be configured to maintain at least a minimum SOC at theenergy storage device. Alternatively, if charging of the energy storagedevice is not to be increased or initiated, the process flow may return.

At 312, the process flow may proceed to 314 if a multi-stroke operationis to be performed by the engine. Alternatively, if the multi-strokeoperation is not to be performed by the engine, the process flow mayproceed to 320. As one example, the control system may identify whetherthe number of strokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle maybe adjusted to increase the engine output. The control system may assessthe current operating conditions of the engine, including one or more ofthe engine speed, engine temperature, engine load (air charge), and thenumber of strokes currently performed by the engine to determine whetherthe multi-stroke operation should be performed. The control system mayalso diagnose engine hardware to determine whether the multi-strokeoperation may be performed, or whether there is a fault that maypreclude transitioning the engine between modes utilizing differentnumbers of strokes per combustion cycle.

At 314, the engine output may be increased by reducing the number ofstrokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle. For example, thecontrol system may transition the engine from a four stroke cycle to atwo stroke cycle. Operation in the two stroke cycle increases the powerdensity of the engine as compared to the four stroke cycle, therebyenabling the engine output (e.g. torque) to be increased for a givenengine load and speed.

At 316, charging of the energy storage device may be increased orinitiated by an amount or rate that corresponds to the increased engineoutput resulting from the operation at 314. For example, the generatormay be operated to increase the amount of engine torque absorbed fromthe engine output in response to the transition from the four strokecycle to the two stroke cycle. This increase in the amount of enginetorque absorbed by the generator may be used to maintain the requestedoutput, as requested by the vehicle operator as delivered to the drivewheels, through the transition to the two stroke cycle from the fourstroke cycle. The operations at 314 and 316 may be performed whilemaintaining the same selected gear ratio at the transmission. In thisway, the energy storage device may be charged without requiring that thetransmission be shifted to a lower gear in order to maintain the wheeltorque (i.e. propulsive effort) requested by the vehicle operator. Inother embodiments, the gear ratio of the transmission may be optionallyadjusted in response to the operations performed at 314 and 316 byupshifting or downshifting the transmission.

At 318, the control system may optionally adjust the engine output afterthe number of strokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle hasbeen reduced at 314 in order to meet the engine output demands requestedby the vehicle operator and the generator. For example, the transitionfrom the four stroke cycle to the two stroke cycle may be used toachieve a substantial increase in the engine output for purposes ofincreasing or initiating a charging operation, while the amount of airand fuel delivered to the engine may be varied at 318 after thetransition is performed in order to match the propulsive effort that isrequested by the vehicle operator in light of the increased amount ofengine output that is absorbed by the generator.

As one example, if the engine output after the transition wouldotherwise be greater than the total engine output that is requested bythe generator and vehicle operator, the control system may reduce theair and fuel delivered to the engine cylinders per combustion cycle inorder to reduce the engine output. As another example, if the engineoutput after the transition would otherwise be less than the totalengine output that is requested by the generator and vehicle operator,the control system may increase the air and fuel delivered to the enginecylinders per combustion cycle in order to further increase the engineoutput. In some examples, the control system may adjust the air and fuelbased on a prescribed air/fuel ratio in response to feedback receivedfrom an air/fuel ratio sensor (e.g. exhaust oxygen sensor) arranged inan exhaust passage of the engine.

Alternatively, if the answer at 312 is judged no (i.e. the multi-strokeoperation is not to be performed), the process flow may proceed to 320.As another example, the control system may judge the answer at 312 to beno if the engine is already currently operating in the two stroke cycle.At 320, the gear ratio of the transmission may be increased. Forexample, the control system may command the transmission to perform adownshift from a higher gear to a lower gear in order to increase thewheel torque that may be delivered to the wheels by the engine.

At 322, charging of the energy storage device may be initiated orincreased. For example, the control system may operate the generator toincrease the amount of the engine output that is absorbed and convertedto electrical energy for storage at the energy storage device. Since thetransmission is downshifted at 320, sufficient wheel torque may beprovided in accordance with the vehicle operators request whileincreasing the rate of charging of the energy storage device. In someexamples, the charging performed at 322 may be less than or at a lowerrate than the charging performed at 316, since operation of the enginein a two stroke cycle can produce substantially more torque thanoperation of the engine in a four stroke cycle for a given set ofoperating conditions. At 324, the engine output may be adjusted by thecontrol system by varying the amount of air and fuel delivered to theengine as previously described with reference to 318. However, theadjustment at 324 may differ from the adjustment that would otherwise beperformed at 318, since the engine has continued to operate in the fourstroke cycle rather than transitioning to the two stroke cycle. From 318or 324, the process flow may return.

As a non-limiting example, the process flow of FIG. 3 may be used tooperate the engine to produce an engine output; selectively operate thegenerator to charge the energy storage device by absorbing an amount ofthe engine output; adjust a number of strokes performed by the engineper combustion cycle in response to the SOC of the energy storagedevice; and adjust the amount of the engine output absorbed by thegenerator in response to the number strokes performed by the engine percombustion cycle. In this way, the control system may be configured tocharge the energy storage device at a higher rate during operation ofthe engine in the two stroke cycle than during the four stroke cycle. Insome embodiments, charging of the energy storage device may not beperformed when the engine is operating in the four stroke cycle, wherebycharging of the energy storage device is only performed when the engineis operating in the two stroke cycle. As such, operations 320, 322, and324 may be optionally omitted from the process flow of FIG. 3.

As another non-limiting example, the process flow of FIG. 3 may be usedto operate the hybrid propulsion system to: during a first condition,operate the engine in a two stroke cycle to produce a first engineoutput and charge the energy storage device by absorbing a first amountof the first engine output at the generator; and during a secondcondition, operate the engine in a four stroke cycle to produce a secondengine output. In some examples, during the second condition, the energystorage device may be charged by absorbing a second amount of the engineoutput at the generator. The first engine output may be substantiallygreater than the second engine output in some examples. In someexamples, the first amount of the engine output absorbed by thegenerator during the first condition may be substantially greater thanthe second amount of the engine output absorbed by the generator duringthe second condition. As one example, the first condition may include agreater vehicle operator requested output from the hybrid propulsionsystem and the second condition may include a lesser vehicle operatorrequested output from the hybrid propulsion system as will be describedwith reference to the process flows of FIGS. 4 and 5. As anotherexample, the first condition may include a lower state of charge of theenergy storage device than the second condition.

FIG. 4 shows another flow chart depicting a process flow that may beutilized with a hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle, including hybridpropulsion systems 100 and 200. The process flow of FIG. 4 differs withrespect to the process flow of FIG. 3 by instead facilitating areduction of a charging operation for the energy storage device ratherthan facilitating an increase of the charging rate.

For example, at 410, it may be judged whether to reduce or discontinuecharging of the energy storage device. As one example, the controlsystem may reference a maximum SOC value stored in memory for the energystorage device, whereby the charging operation may be adjusted tomaintain the SOC of the energy storage device below the maximum SOC. Inthis way, the control system may be configured to maintain the SOC ofthe energy storage device within a lower bounded value (e.g. via theprocess flow of FIG. 3) and an upper bounded value (e.g. via the processflow of FIG. 4).

If the answer at 410 is judged no, the process flow may return.Alternatively, if the answer at 410 is judged yes, the process flow mayproceed to 412. At 412, it may be judged whether the engine shouldperform a multi-stroke operation. As one example, the control system mayconsider the operating conditions previously described with reference to312. As one example, the control system may judge whether the engine ispresently operating in a mode that provides the highest number ofstrokes per combustion cycle that may be performed by the engine. Forexample, the control system may judge whether the engine is currentlyoperating in the two stroke cycle or the four stroke cycle, and if theengine is currently operating in the four stroke cycle, the answer at412 may be judged no.

If the answer at 412 is judged yes, the process flow may proceed to 414.At 414, the engine output may be reduced by increasing the number ofstrokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle. For example, thecontrol system may transition the engine from a two stroke cycle to afour stroke cycle to substantially reduce the power density of theengine, thereby reducing the engine output. At 416, the chargingoperation of the energy storage device may be reduced or discontinued byan amount or rate that corresponds to the amount by which the engineoutput has been reduced by the operation at 414. For example, the amountof engine output absorbed by the generator may be reduced to an amountthat corresponds to a difference between the engine output and thevehicle operator requested wheel torque. Since the generator reduces theengine output that is absorbed for purposes of charging the energystorage device, the vehicle operator requested output may be achievedwhile maintaining the currently selected gear ratio at the transmission,even when the engine is transitioned from a two stroke cycle to a fourstroke cycle. In other embodiments, the gear ratio of the transmissionmay be optionally adjusted in response to the operations performed at414 and 416 by upshifting or downshifting the transmission.

At 418, the control system may optionally adjust the engine output afterthe number of strokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle hasbeen increased at 414 in order to meet the engine output demandsrequested by the vehicle operator and the generator (if any). Forexample, the transition from the two stroke cycle to the four strokecycle may be used to achieve a substantial reduction in the engineoutput for purposes of reducing or discontinuing a charging operation,while the amount of air and fuel delivered to the engine may be variedat 418 after the transition is performed in order to match the wheeltorque requested by the vehicle operator in light of the reduction inthe amount of the engine output that is absorbed by the generator.

As one example, if the engine output after the transition wouldotherwise be greater than the total engine output that is requested bythe generator and vehicle operator, the control system may reduce theair and fuel delivered to the engine cylinders per combustion cycle inorder to reduce the engine output. As another example, if the engineoutput after the transition would otherwise be less than the totalengine output that is requested by the generator and vehicle operator,the control system may increase the air and fuel delivered to the enginecylinders per combustion cycle in order to further increase the engineoutput.

If the answer at 412 is judged no, the process flow may instead proceedto 420. At 420, the gear ratio of the transmission may be reduced. Forexample, the control system may upshift the transmission from a lowergear to a higher gear as the generator request is reduced at 422. Forexample, at 422, the amount of torque absorbed from the engine by thegenerator may be reduced to discontinue or reduce the charging of theenergy storage device, while the engine continues to deliver therequested wheel torque. At 424, the engine output may be adjusted by thecontrol system by varying the amount of air and fuel delivered to theengine as previously described with reference to 418. However, theadjustment at 424 may differ from the adjustment that would otherwise beperformed at 418, since the engine has continued to operate in the twostroke cycle rather than transitioning to the four stroke cycle. From418 or 424, the process flow may return.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show flow charts depicting a process flows that may beutilized with a hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle, including hybridpropulsion systems 100 and 200. FIG. 5 depicts a process flow that maybe used to respond to a vehicle operator initiated tip-in. FIG. 6depicts a process flow that may be used to respond to a vehicle operatorinitiated tip-out. A tip-in refers to a requested increase in the wheeltorque, while a tip-out refers to a requested reduction in the wheeltorque. A tip-in or tip-out may be initiated by the vehicle operator viaa user input device such as an accelerator pedal or via a prescribedcruise control setting as selected by the vehicle operator.

Referring to FIG. 5, it may be judged at 510 whether a tip-in has beenreceived by the control system. If the answer at 510 is judged no, theprocess flow may return. Alternatively, if the answer at 510 is judgedyes, the process flow may proceed to 512. At 512, it may be judgedwhether the control system should respond to the tip-in by performing amulti-stroke operation. The control system may again consider thepreviously described operating conditions of 312.

If the answer at 512 is judged yes, the process flow may proceed to 514,where the engine output may be increased by reducing the number ofstrokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle. For example, thecontrol system may transition the engine from a four stroke cycle to atwo stroke cycle. The operation at 514 may be performed whilemaintaining the selected gear ratio at the transmission. In other words,the control system may respond to a tip-in by transitioning the engineto a two stroke cycle rather than downshifting the transmission. Inother embodiments, the gear ratio of the transmission may be optionallyadjusted in response to the operations performed at 514.

At 516, the engine output may be further adjusted by varying the air andfuel delivered to the engine cylinders to meet the new driver requestedwheel torque as indicated by the tip-in. For example, where thetransition of the engine to the two stroke cycle would otherwise createmore wheel torque than is requested by the vehicle operator as indicatedby the tip-in, the control system may reduce the air and fuel deliveredto the engine cylinders after the transition. Conversely, where thetransition of the engine to the two stroke cycle would otherwise createless wheel torque than is requested by the vehicle operator as indicatedby the tip-in, the control system may increase the air and fueldelivered to the engine cylinders after the transition.

If the answer at 512 is judged no, the process flow may proceed to 518where it may be judged whether charging of the energy storage device isto be reduced or discontinued in response to the tip-in. The controlsystem in judging whether to reduce the charging of the energy storagedevice may again assess the SOC in comparison to the minimum and maximumSOC limits, as well as the magnitude of the tip-in. For a tip-in ofhigher magnitude, the control system may judge the answer at 518 to beyes, whereas for a tip-in of a lower magnitude, the control system maycontinue to charge the energy storage device at a similar rate.

If the answer at 518 is judged yes, the process flow may proceed to 520.At 520, the charging of the energy storage device may be reduced ordiscontinued by reducing the amount of engine output absorbed by thegenerator. The amount by which the generation rate is reduced may beadjusted in response to the magnitude of the tip-in to enable therequested wheel torque to be met by the engine without requiring theengine output to be substantially increased. In some embodiments, thegear ratio of the transmission may be optionally increased (e.g.downshifted) in response to the operations performed at 520 to furtherincrease the wheel torque.

If the answer at 518 is judged no, the process flow may proceed to 522where it may be judged whether the motor output is to be increased inresponse to the tip-in in order to supplement the engine output. As oneexample, the control system may judge the answer at 522 to be yes if theSOC of the energy storage device is greater than the minimum thresholdSOC. At 524, the charging operation of the energy storage device may bediscontinued and the motor output may be increased in response to thetip-in. For example, the control system may increase the motor output byan amount that is proportional to the tip-in to supplement the engineoutput by supplying energy from the energy storage device to the motor.In this way, the requested wheel torque may be provided by the engineand motor without requiring the engine output to be increased inresponse to the tip-in. In some embodiments, the gear ratio of thetransmission may be optionally increased (e.g. downshifted) in responseto the operations performed at 524 to further increase the wheel torque.

Alternatively, if the answer at 522 is judged no, the process flow mayproceed to 526, where the engine output may be increased by increasingthe amount of air and fuel delivered to the engine cylinders. In someembodiments, the gear ratio of the transmission may be optionallyincreased (e.g. downshifted) in response to the operations performed at526 to further increase the wheel torque. From 516, 520, 524, and 526,the process flow may return.

As a non-limiting example, the process flow of FIG. 5 may be used toincrease the level of propulsive effort provided to the drive wheelsduring a lower SOC of the energy storage device by reducing a number ofstrokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle to increase theengine output produced by the engine; and increase the level ofpropulsive effort (e.g. wheel torque) provided to the drive wheelsduring a higher SOC of the energy storage device by increasing an amountof energy supplied to the motor from the energy storage device toincrease the motor output produced by the motor. In this way, thecontrol system may respond to a tip-in in different ways depending onwhether the energy storage device is able to provide sufficient energyto the motor for supplementing the engine output, as indicated by theSOC of the energy storage device.

Referring to FIG. 6, it may be judged at 610 whether a tip-out has beenreceived by the control system. If the answer at 610 is judged no, theprocess flow may return. Alternatively, if the answer at 610 is judgedyes, the process flow may proceed to 612. At 612, it may be judgedwhether the control system should respond to the tip-out by performing amulti-stroke operation. The control system may again consider thepreviously described operating conditions of 312.

If the answer at 612 is judged yes, the process flow may proceed to 614,where the engine output may be reduced by increasing the number ofstrokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle. For example, thecontrol system may transition the engine from a two stroke cycle to afour stroke cycle. The operation at 612 may be performed whilemaintaining the selected gear ratio at the transmission. In other words,the control system may respond to a tip-out by transitioning the engineto a four stroke cycle rather than downshifting the transmission.However, in some examples, the operation at 614 may be performed with adownshift or an upshift of the transmission.

At 616, the engine output may be further adjusted by varying the air andfuel delivered to the engine cylinders to meet the newly requested wheeltorque as indicated by the tip-out. For example, where the transition ofthe engine to the four stroke cycle would otherwise create more wheeltorque than is requested by the vehicle operator as indicated by thetip-out, the control system may reduce the air and fuel delivered to theengine cylinders after the transition. Conversely, where the transitionof the engine to the four stroke cycle would otherwise create less wheeltorque than is requested by the vehicle operator as indicated by thetip-out, the control system may increase the air and fuel delivered tothe engine cylinders after the transition.

If the answer at 612 is judged no, the process flow may proceed to 618where it may be judged whether to reduce the motor output. If the answerat 618 is judged yes, the process flow may proceed to 620 where themotor output that supplements the engine output may be reduce ordiscontinued in response to the tip-out.

Alternatively, if the answer at 618 is judged no, the process flow mayproceed to 622 where it may be judged whether to increase charging ofthe energy storage device. The control system may consider whether theenergy storage device is able to accept an additional charge byreferencing the current SOC as compared to the maximum threshold SOC. Ifthe answer at 622 is judged yes, the process flow may proceed to 624where the generator may be operated to increase or initiate charging ofthe energy storage device. The amount of engine output requested by thegenerator may be adjusted in response to the magnitude of the tip-out.For example, the generator may absorb the excess engine torque that isproduced by the engine to charge the energy storage device.

Alternatively, if the answer at 622 is judged no, the process flow mayproceed to 626, where the engine output may be reduced by decreasing theamount of air and fuel delivered to the engine cylinders. From 616, 620,624, and 626, the process flow may return.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart depicting an example process flow thatmay be performed by the control system to transition the cylindersbetween a two stroke cycle and a four stroke cycle. At 712 it may bejudged whether to operate a cylinder of the engine in the two strokecycle in accordance with the process flow of FIGS. 3-6. If the answer at712 is yes, the control system may adjust one or more of the cylinder'sintake and/or exhaust valve timing at 714, the cylinder fueling at 716,and the ignition timing at 718 according to the two stroke cycle.

Alternatively, if the answer at 712 is judged no, the process flow mayproceed to 720 where it may be judged whether to operate the cylinder inthe four stroke cycle in accordance with the process flow of FIGS. 3-6.If the answer at 720 is yes, the process flow may adjust one or more ofthe cylinder's intake and/or exhaust valve timing at 722, the cylinderfueling at 716, and the ignition timing at 718 according to the fourstroke cycle. Furthermore, in some embodiments, throttle position may beadjusted in response to the particular operating mode of the engine tovary intake airflow supplied to the cylinders that are carrying outcombustion.

Referring also to FIGS. 8 and 9, timing diagrams are depicted for anexample cylinder operating in a two stroke cycle and a four strokecycle, respectively. An indication of time is provided along thehorizontal axes of FIGS. 8 and 9 with reference to piston position. Topdead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC) represent the pistonposition relative to the cylinder as it reciprocates throughoutoperation of the engine. A comparison of FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrates howthe intake and exhaust valves of the cylinder may be opened twice asoften in the two stroke cycle as the four stroke cycle. Further, fuelmay be delivered to the engine at twice the frequency during the twostroke cycle as the during the four stroke cycle. For example, thecylinder may be fueled approximately every 360 crank angle degreesduring the two stroke cycle and approximately every 720 degrees duringthe four stroke cycle. Further still, ignition of the air and fuelcharge within the cylinder may be performed around each TDC (e.g.approximately every 360 crank angle degrees) in the two stroke cycle,and may be performed around every other TDC in the four stroke cycle(e.g. approximately every 720 crank angle degrees).

FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic depiction of an example cylinder 1010 ofengine 110 including the intake and exhaust system components thatinterface with the various cylinders of the engine. Note that cylinder110 may correspond to one or more of the previously describedmulti-stroke cylinders. Cylinder 1010 is at least partially defined bycombustion chamber walls 1011 and piston 1012. Piston 1012 may becoupled to a crankshaft 1016 via a crank arm, along with other pistonsof the engine. Crankshaft 1016 may be operatively coupled with drivewheels 130 via transmission 120 as depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2.

Cylinder 1010 may receive intake air via an intake passage 1020. Intakepassage 1020 may also communicate with other cylinders of engine 110.Intake passage 1020 may include a throttle 1042 including a throttleplate 1044 that may be adjusted by control system 160 to vary the flowof intake air that is provided to the engine cylinders. Cylinder 1010can communicate with intake passage 1020 via one or more intake valves1022. As a non-limiting example, these intake valves may be configuredas intake poppet valves that are arranged near the top or upper regionof cylinder 1010. However, in other embodiments, these intake valves maybe arranged in a lower region of the cylinder.

Cylinder 1010 may exhaust products of combustion via an exhaust passage1030. Cylinder 1010 can communicate with exhaust passage 1030 via one ormore exhaust valves 1032. As a non-limiting example, these exhaustvalves may be configured as exhaust poppet valves that are arranged nearthe top or upper region of cylinder 1010.

In some embodiments, cylinder 1010 may optionally include a spark plug1056, which may be actuated by an ignition system 1058. A fuel injector1050 may be provided in the cylinder to deliver fuel directly thereto.However, in other embodiments, the fuel injector may be arranged withinintake passage 1020 upstream of intake valve 1022. Fuel injector 1050may be actuated by a driver 1052.

A non-limiting example of control system 160 is depicted schematicallyin FIG. 10. Control system 160 may include a processing subsystem (CPU)1080, which may include one or more processors. CPU 1080 may communicatewith memory, including one or more of read-only memory (ROM) 1082,random-access memory (RAM) 1084, and keep-alive memory (KAM) 1086. As anon-limiting example, this memory may stored operating conditioninformation as well as the process flows described herein.

CPU 1080 can communicate with various sensors and actuators of engine110 via an input/output device 1088. As a non-limiting example, thesesensors may provide operating condition information to the controlsystem, and may include: an indication of mass airflow (MAF) throughintake passage 1020 via sensor 1046, an indication of manifold airpressure (MAP) via sensor 1048, an indication of throttle position (TP)via throttle 1042, an indication of engine coolant temperature (ECT) viasensor 1054 which may communicate with coolant passage 1014, anindication of engine speed (PIP) via sensor 1070, an indication ofexhaust gas oxygen content (EGO) via sensor 1038, an indication of arequest or input (PP) from vehicle operator 1074 via position sensor1076 of pedal 1072, an indication of intake valve position via sensor1026, and an indication of exhaust valve position via sensor 1036, amongothers.

Furthermore, the control system may control operation of the engine 110,including cylinder 1010 via one or more of the following actuators:driver 1052 to vary fuel injection timing and quantity, ignition system1058 to vary spark timing, intake valve actuator 1024 to vary intakevalve timing, exhaust valve actuator 1034 to vary exhaust valve timing,and throttle 1042 to vary the position of throttle plate 1044, amongothers. Note that intake and exhaust valve actuators 1024 and 1034 mayinclude electromagnetic valve actuators (EVA) and/or cam-follower basedactuators.

FIGS. 11 and 12 show timelines depicting example transitions between twoand four stroke operation. FIGS. 11A-11D depict transitions from thefour stroke cycle to the two stroke cycle.

Referring to FIG. 11A, a transition is performed from the four strokecycle to the two stroke cycle where the initial engine output before thetransition is satisfying the driver requested level of propulsiveeffort, indicated as initial request. As the engine is transitioned tothe two stroke cycle (e.g. in response to a charging request), theengine output substantially increases, thereby creating a surplusbetween the requested wheel torque and the engine output torque. Thegenerator may in turn absorb this surplus engine output, converting itto electrical energy, where it may be stored at the energy storagedevice.

FIG. 11B shows an example where the initial requested wheel torque isgreater than the initial engine output torque before the transition,thereby creating a torque deficit. This torque deficit may be filled bythe motor providing positive torque to assist the engine propel thevehicle. As the engine is transitioned to the two stroke cycle (e.g. inresponse to a charging request), the engine output may be increased to alevel that is greater than the level requested by the vehicle operator.This surplus may again be absorbed by the generator and stored at theenergy storage device.

FIGS. 11C and 11D show examples where the engine is transitioned to thetwo stroke cycle in response to a tip-in. In FIG. 11C, the engine afterthe transition may produce a surplus to the subsequent requested wheeltorque as indicated by the tip-in (i.e. subsequent request). Thissurplus may be absorbed by the generator and stored at the energystorage device. As shown in FIG. 11D, the engine after the transitionmay produce a deficit to the subsequent request indicated by the tip-in.The motor may be operated to supplement the engine output, therebyfilling the torque deficit after the transition is performed. In thisway, the hybrid propulsion system may respond to a tip-in or a chargingrequest without requiring transmission shifting.

FIGS. 12A-12D show examples where the engine is transitioned from thetwo stroke cycle to the four stroke cycle. As shown in FIG. 12A, theengine may be initially operated to meet the initial request. The enginemay be transitioned to the four stroke cycle (e.g. in response to areduction or discontinuation of a charging operation). The transition tothe four stroke cycle may cause a substantial reduction in the engineoutput torque, which may create a deficit relative to the requestedwheel torque. The motor may be operated to reduce or eliminate thisdeficit, thereby enabling engine operation in the four stroke cycle.

FIG. 12B shows an example where the engine is initially operating toproduce surplus torque that can be stored at the energy storage device.After the transition is performed, the motor may again be operated tosupplement the engine output to reduce or eliminate the torque deficit.

FIGS. 12C and 12D show examples where a transition from the two strokecycle to the four stroke cycle is initiated by a tip-out. As shown inFIG. 12C, the surplus engine output that is produced after thetransition in relation to the subsequent torque request (as indicated bythe tip-out) may be absorbed by the generator and used to charge theenergy storage device. FIG. 12D shows how a torque deficit may occurafter the transition, which may be reduced or eliminated by operatingthe motor to supplement the engine output. In each of these examples,operation of the engine, motor, and generator may be coordinated toprovide improved charging response as well as improving theresponsiveness of the hybrid propulsion system to requests of thevehicle operator.

Note that the example control and estimation process flows includedherein can be used with various engine and/or vehicle systemconfigurations. The process flows described herein may represent one ormore of any number of processing strategies such as event-driven,interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such,various acts, operations, or functions illustrated may be performed inthe sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in some cases omitted.Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarily required to achievethe features and advantages of the example embodiments described herein,but is provided for ease of illustration and description. One or more ofthe illustrated acts or functions may be repeatedly performed dependingon the particular strategy being used. Further, the described acts maygraphically represent code to be programmed into the computer readablestorage medium in the engine control system.

It will be appreciated that the configurations and routines disclosedherein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments arenot to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variationsare possible. For example, the above technology can be applied to V-6,I-4, I-6, V-8, V-10, V-12, opposed 4, and other engine types. Thesubject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel andnonobvious combinations and subcombinations of the various systems andconfigurations, and other features, functions, and/or propertiesdisclosed herein.

The following claims particularly point out certain combinations andsubcombinations regarded as novel and nonobvious. These claims may referto “an” element or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof. Suchclaims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more suchelements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.Other combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features,functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed through amendmentof the present claims or through presentation of new claims in this or arelated application. Such claims, whether broader, narrower, equal, ordifferent in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as includedwithin the subject matter of the present disclosure.

1. A hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle, comprising: an internal combustion engine configured to produce an engine output, said engine operatively coupled with one or more drive wheels of the vehicle via a transmission; a motor configured to produce a motor output, said motor operatively coupled with said one or more drive wheels of the vehicle; an energy storage device configured to selectively supply energy to the motor; a control system configured to, in response to a tip-in: increase a level of propulsive effort provided to said one or more drive wheels during a lower state of charge of the energy storage device by reducing a number of strokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle to increase the engine output produced by the engine, while maintaining a gear ratio of the transmission; and increase the level of propulsive effort provided to said one or more drive wheels during a higher state of charge of the energy storage device by increasing an amount of energy supplied to the motor from the energy storage device to increase the motor output produced by the motor while increasing the gear ratio of the transmission.
 2. The system of claim 1, where the control system is configured to reduce the number of strokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle by transitioning the engine from a four stroke cycle to a two stroke cycle.
 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a generator configured to charge the energy storage device by selectively absorbing at least some of the engine output, said generator operatively coupled with the engine; and where the control system is further configured to charge the energy storage device during the lower state of charge of the energy storage device by absorbing at least some of the increased engine output produced by the engine after said reduction of the number of strokes performed by the engine.
 4. The system of claim 1, where the motor and the generator collectively constitute an electric machine.
 5. The system of claim 1, where the engine includes at least one cylinder, said cylinder including at least an intake poppet valve and at least an exhaust poppet valve; and where the control system is configured to reduce the number of strokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle by adjusting an opening timing of the intake poppet valve and an opening timing of the exhaust poppet valve.
 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising a generator, wherein the control system is further configured to increase the level of propulsive effort provided to said one or more drive wheels during the higher state of charge of the energy storage device by reducing an amount of engine output absorbed by the generator in charging the energy storage device, and downshift the transmission.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the control system is further configured to, during the reducing of the number of strokes performed by the engine per combustion cycle to increase the engine output produced by the engine, absorb surplus engine output via a generator to store energy in the energy storage device.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the control system is further configured to: in response to a tip-out, transition the engine from two-stroke to four-stroke operation while maintaining a selected gear ratio during a first condition; reduce motor output torque supplementing the engine output during a second condition; and increase engine output torque absorbed by a generator to increase energy stored in the energy storage device during a third condition of a lower state of charge of the energy storage device. 